Input/Output Systems

Input/output (I/O) systems are an essential component of any computer system. They are responsible for handling the transfer of information between the computer and its external environment. I/O systems can be divided into two categories: input devices and output devices.

Input Devices

Input devices are used to provide data and control signals to the computer. Common examples of input devices include keyboards, mice, touchpads, scanners, and microphones. These devices convert physical inputs into digital signals that can be processed by the computer.

Output Devices

Output devices are used to display or transmit the results of processing. Examples of output devices include monitors, printers, speakers, and projectors. These devices convert digital signals into physical outputs that can be perceived by humans or other machines.

I/O Controllers

I/O controllers are used to manage the transfer of data between the computer and its external environment. They provide a buffer between the CPU and the I/O devices to ensure that data is transferred at the appropriate rate. The CPU sends commands to the I/O controller, which in turn sends signals to the I/O devices to initiate data transfer.

I/O Interfaces

I/O interfaces are used to connect the I/O devices to the computer. They provide a standard set of protocols for communication between the computer and the I/O devices. Common I/O interfaces include USB, Ethernet, and HDMI.

Interrupts

Interrupts are a mechanism used by the I/O system to notify the CPU of events that require attention. When an I/O device has data to transfer or an error occurs, it sends an interrupt signal to the CPU. The CPU then suspends its current task and handles the interrupt by executing an interrupt service routine (ISR).

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